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Italy until the present era was a conglomeration of city-states and small independent nations. The following is a list of the various states that made up what we now know as Italy during the past. (rounded up to a year significant to Italian history in each case).
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Contents |
Antiquity
Early Middle Ages
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Duchies of the Lombard Kingdom
- Duchy of Friuli
- Duchy of Ceneda
- Duchy of Treviso
- Duchy of Vicenza
- Duchy of Verona
- Duchy of Trent
- Duchy of Parma
- Duchy of Reggio
- Duchy of Piacenza
- Duchy of Brescia
- Duchy of Bergamo
- Duchy of San Giulio
- Duchy of Pavia
- Duchy of Turin
- Duchy of Asti
- Duchy of Tuscia
- Duchy of Spoleto
- Duchy of Benevento, then the Principality of Salerno
- Duchy of Aosta
- Duchy of Milan
- Duchy of Ivrea
Districts of the Byzantine Empire
- Exarchate of Ravenna
- Pentapolis
- Duchy of Rome
- Duchy of Liguria
- Duchy of Venetia
- Duchy of Istria
- Duchy of Naples (Including Calabria, Lucania and Apulia)
Carolingian Era
- Kingdom of Italy (under the Carolingian Empire)
- Papal States
- Duchy of Benevento (under the Lombards)
- Byzantine Empire
- Saracen settlements
Italy in the year 1000
States of the Holy Roman Empire
- County of Asti
- Bishopric of Bressanone
- March of Genoa (Marca Januensis or Eastern Liguria)
- County of Gorizia
- Kingdom of Italy
- March of Ivrea
- Marche includes Marches of Camerino, Fermo and Ancona
- Marquisate of Montferrat (created Marca Aleramica)
- Marquisate of Saluzzo
- County of Savoy
- County of Sorano (Aldobrandeschi)
- Duchy of Spoleto
- Bishopric of Trent
- March of Turin (created Marca Arduinica; a.k.a. the March of Susa)
- March of Tuscany
- Marquisate of Verona and Aquileia
- March of Treviso
- March of Friuli
Other states
- Catepanate of Italy
- Duchy of Benevento
- Principality of Capua
- Principality of Salerno
- Papal States
- Emirate of Sicily
- Kingdom of Sicily
- Terra Sancti Benedicti
- Patriarchate of Aquileia (Patrie dal Friûl)
- Giudicato of Gallura
- Giudicato of Torres
- Giudicato of Arborea
- Giudicato of Cagliari
Main independent communes
- Arezzo
- Asti
- Brescia
- Cremona
- Florence
- Genoa
- Lodi
- Milan
- Perugia
- Piacenza
- Pisa
- Ragusa
- Siena
- Verona
- Viterbo
Duchies and other entities of former Byzantine Empire appartenance
- Duchy of Amalfi
- Duchy of Calabria
- Duchy of Gaeta
- Duchy of Naples
- Duchy of Sorrento
- Republic of Venice
- Republic of Pisa
- Trani
- Exarchate of Ravenna
Italy in the year 1494
Before the beginning of the Italian Wars
- Papal States
- Kingdom of Naples (independent Aragonese dynasty)
- Kingdom of Sicily (to Aragon)
- Kingdom of Sardinia (to Aragon)
- Prince-Bishopric of Brixen
- Prince-Bishopric of Trent
- Duchy of Savoy (Savoia)
- Duchy of Milan (Sforza, to France 1499-1522, to Spain from 1535)
- Duchy of Ferrara (Este)
- Duchy of Modena and Reggio (in personal union with Ferrara)
- Duchy of Urbino (Montefeltro)
- Marquisate of Massa (Malaspina)
- Marquisate of Saluzzo (Aleramici, to France 1548)
- Marquisate of Montferrat (Paleologi, in personal union with Mantua 1533)
- Marquisate of Mantua (Gonzaga)
- Marquisate of Finale (Del Carretto)
- Marquisate of Incisa (Aleramici)
- County of Gorizia (annexed to Austria in 1500)
- County of Guastalla (Torelli, sold to a junior branch of the Gonzaga 1539)
- County of Montechiarugolo (Torelli of Montechiarugolo)
- County of Novellara (Gonzaga of Novellara)
- County of Correggio (da Correggio)
- County of Pitigliano (Orsini)
- County of Santa Fiora (Sforza of S.Fiora)
- Stato Landi (Landi)
- Stato Pallavicino (Pallavicino)
- Castiglione (Gonzaga of Castiglione)
- Mirandola (Pico)
- Carpi (Pio di Savoia)
- Sassuolo (Pio di Savoia)
- Bologna (Bentivoglio)
- Faenza (Manfredi)
- Rimini (Malatesta)
- Forlì (Riario)
- Pesaro (Sforza of Pesaro)
- Matelica (Ottoni)
- Camerino (da Varano, duchy from 1515, confiscated and incorporated to the Papal States 1539)
- Imperial Fiefdoms
- Republic of Ancona (to the Papal States in 1532)
- Republic of Genoa
- Republic of Lucca
- Republic of Florence (actually under the lordship of the Medici, duchy from 1532)
- Republic of Ragusa
- Republic of Siena (incorporated to the Duchy of Florence 1555)
- Republic of Venice
- Republic of Cospaia
Italy in the year 1559
After the Peace of Cateau-Cambresis:
- Papal States
- Kingdom of Naples (under Spain)
- Kingdom of Sicily (under Spain)
- Kingdom of Sardinia (under Spain)
- Prince-Bishopric of Brixen
- Prince-Bishopric of Trent
- Duchy of Savoy (Savoia)
- Duchy of Milan (under Spain)
- Duchy of Mantua (Gonzaga)
- Duchy of Parma and Piacenza (Farnese)
- Duchy of Ferrara (Este; confiscated and incorporated to the Papal States 1598)
- Duchy of Modena and Reggio (Este; in personal union with Ferrara until 1598)
- Duchy of Florence (Grand Duchy of Tuscany from 1569) (Medici)
- Duchy of Urbino (Della Rovere; incorporated to the Papal States 1631)
- Duchy of Castro (in personal union with Parma; confiscated and incorporated to the Papal States 1649)
- Marquisate of Montferrat (in personal union with Mantua; duchy from 1574)
- Marquisate of Masserano (Ferrero-Fieschi; principality from 1577)
- Marquisate of Finale (Del Carretto; to Spain 1602)
- Marquisate of Massa (Cybo-Malaspina; principality from 1568)
- County of Guastalla (Gonzaga of Guastalla)
- County of Montechiarugolo (Torelli; to Parma 1612)
- County of Correggio (da Correggio; principality from 1616, confiscated and ceded to Modena by the Emperor 1631)
- County of Novellara (Gonzaga of Novellara)
- County of Pitigliano (Orsini; acquired by Tuscany in 1604)
- County of Santa Fiora (Sforza; acquired by Tuscany in 1633)
- State Pallavicino (Pallavicino; to Parma 1636)
- Stato Landi (Landi)
- Castiglione (Gonzaga of Castiglione; marquisate from 1579, principality from 1659)
- Piombino (Appiani; principality from 1594)
- Sabbioneta (Gonzaga of Bozzolo; duchy from 1577, sold to Spain in 1629)
- Mirandola (Pico; principality from 1596, duchy from 1617)
- Sassuolo (Pio di Savoia; to Modena 1599)
- Imperial Fiefdoms (small, independent lordships generally under members of the Genoese nobility)
- Saluzzo (under France; to Savoy from 1601)
- Valtelline, Chiavenna and Bormio (under the Grisons)
- State of Presidi (to Naples)
- Republic of Venice
- Republic of Genoa
- Republic of Lucca
- Republic of Cospaia
Italy in the year 1659
After the treaty of the Pirenees
- Papal States
- Kingdom of Naples (to Spain until 1707; to Austria from 1707 to 1734 then under a junior branch of the Spanish Bourbons
- Kingdom of Sicily (to Spain until 1707; to Austria 1707-1714 and 1720-1734; to Savoy 1714-1720; in personal union with Naples thereafter)
- Kingdom of Sardinia (to Spain until 1714; to Austria 1714-1720; in personal union with Savoy thereafter)
- Grand Duchy of Tuscany (Medici until 1737; Habsburg-Lorraine thereafter)
- Prince-Bishopric of Brixen
- Prince-Bishopric of Trent
- Duchy of Savoy (Savoia)
- Duchy of Montferrat (to Mantua until 1707, then to Savoy)
- Duchy of Milan (to Spain until 1706, then to Austria; the union of Milan and Mantua in 1737 created the Austrian Lombardy)
- Duchy of Mantua (Gonzaga until the imperial confiscation in 1707, then to Austria; Austrian Lombardy from 1737)
- Duchy of Parma and Piacenza (Farnese until 1731; Bourbons 1731-1734; to Austria 1734-1748 then to a junior branch of the Spanish Bourbons)
- Duchy of Guastalla (Gonzaga of Guastalla until their extinction in 1746; in personal union with Parma from 1748)
- Duchy of Mirandola (Pico until the imperial confiscation in 1707; to Austria 1707-1711; to Modena from 1711)
- Duchy of Modena and Reggio (Este)
- Principality of Masserano (Ferrero-Fieschi; sold to Savoy in 1767)
- Principality of Castiglione (Gonzaga of Castiglione; confiscated by the Emperor 1691)
- Principality of Massa (Cybo-Malaspina; duchy from 1664; in personal union with Modena from 1731)
- Principality of Piombino (Ludovisi until 1733, Boncompagni-Ludovisi thereafter)
- County of Novellara (Gonzaga of Novellara until their extinction in 1728; to Modena from 1737)
- Stato Landi (Landi until 1679, Doria 1679-1682, then to Parma)
- Imperial Fiefdoms
- Valtelline, Chiavenna and Bormio (under the Grisons)
- State of Presidi (to Naples)
- Republic of Venice
- Republic of Genoa
- Republic of Lucca
- Republic of Cospaia
Italy in the year 1796
Before the Napoleonic period
- Papal States (Pope Pius VI)
- Kingdom of Naples (Bourbons of Naples, King Ferdinand IV) (merged with Sicily in 1816 to form the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies)
- Kingdom of Sicily (in personal union with Naples; after 1816 Kingdom of the Two Sicilies)
- Kingdom of Sardinia (inclusive of the Duchy of Savoy, Savoia, King Vittorio Amedeo III)
- Prince-Bishopric of Brixen (secularized and incorporated into Austria in 1802)
- Prince-Bishopric of Trent (secularized and incorporated into Austria in 1802)
- Grand Duchy of Tuscany (Habsburg-Lorraine, Grand Duke Ferdinand III)
- Duchy of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla (Bourbons of Parma, Duke Ferdinando I)
- Duchy of Modena and Reggio (Este, Duke Ercole III)
- Duchy of Massa (personal union with Modena)
- Principality of Piombino (Boncompagni, Prince Antonio II) (after 1815 part of Tuscany)
- Austrian Lombardy (direct Austrian control)
- Valtelline, Chiavenna and Bormio (under the Grisons; after 1816 part of Lombardo-Veneto)
- Republic of Venice (abolished 1797; after 1815 part of Lombardo-Veneto)
- Republic of Genoa (after 1815 to Sardinia)
- Republic of Lucca (after 1815 independent duchy)
- Republic of Cospaia
- State of Presidi (to Naples; after 1815 to Tuscany)
Italy in Napoleonic times (1796 - 1814)
After Napoleon’s invasion of Italy:
- Republic of Alba (1796 - 1801), annexed to France
- Cispadane Republic (1796 - 1797), formed the Cisalpine Republic
- Transpadane Republic (1796 - 1797), formed the Cisalpine Republic
- Ligurian Republic (1797 - 1805), annexed to France
- Republic of Bergamo (1797)
- Republic of Brescia (1797)
- Republic of Crema (1797)
- Bolognese Republic (1798)
- Cisalpine Republic (1797 - 1802) transformed into the Italian Republic
- Republic of Ancona (1797 - 1798), joined Roman Republic
- Roman Republic (1798 - 1800) capital Rome
- Tiberina Republic (1798 - 1799) capital Perugia, joined Roman Republic
- Parthenopaean Republic (1799) capital Naples
- Subalpine Republic (1800 - 1802)
- Kingdom of Etruria (1801 - 1807) annexed to France
- Italian Republic (1802 - 1805)
- Principality of Lucca and Piombino
- Kingdom of Italy (1805 - 1814)
- Kingdom of Naples (under French rulers 1806-1815)
 Northern Italy in January 1796 |
 French départments of Italy |
Italy in the year 1816
After the Congress of Vienna:
- Papal States (Pope Pius VII; lost most of its territories to Sardinia 1859-1860)
- Kingdom of Sardinia (Savoia, King Vittorio Emanuele I; ceded Savoy and Nice to France in 1860; became Kingdom of Italy 1861)
- Kingdom Lombardo-Veneto (to Austria; lost most of Lombardy to Sardinia in 1859)
- Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Bourbon of Sicily and Naples, later Bourbon-Two-Sicilies, King Ferdinand I; incorporated into Sardinia 1860-1861)
- Grand Duchy of Tuscany (Habsburg-Lorraine, Grand Duke Ferdinand III; incorporated to Sardinia 1859)
- Duchy of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla (under Marie Louise, wife of Napoleon, for her lifetime. After her death in 1847, Parma and Piacenza devolve upon the House of Bourbon-Parma, Guastalla on the Duke of Modena; incorporated into Sardinia 1859)
- Duchy of Modena and Reggio (Austria-Este, Duke Francis IV; incorporated into Sardinia 1859)
- Duchy of Lucca (Bourbon-Parma, Duchess Marie Louise; when they return to Parma in 1847, annexed by Tuscany)
- Duchy of Massa and Carrara (annexed to the Duchy of Modena in 1829)
- Republic of Cospaia (to Tuscany and the Papal States in 1826)
- Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, Gorizia and Trieste (part of the Austrian Empire)
Italy in the year 1861
After the unification
- Papal States (Pope Pius IX; last territories with Rome incorporated into Italy 1870)
- Kingdom of Italy (Savoia, King Vittorio Emanuele II)
- Kingdom Lombardo-Veneto (to Austria; incorporated into Italy 1866)
- Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, Gorizia and Trieste (part of the Austrian Empire, incorporated into Italy 1918)
- Kingdom of Tavolara, private kingdom of the Bertoleoni family established in 1836, recognized first by Sardinia, then by Italy
See Also
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